What is academic definition of strategy?

Academic Definitions of Strategy

1. Chandler (1962)
• Definition: "Strategy is the determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals."
• Reference: Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise. MIT Press.

 

2. Andrews (1971)
• Definition: "Corporate strategy is the pattern of decisions in a company that determines and reveals its objectives, purposes, or goals, produces the principal policies and plans for achieving those goals, and defines the range of business the company is to pursue."
• Reference: Andrews, K. R. (1971). The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Dow Jones-Irwin.

 

3. Mintzberg (1978, 1987)
• Definition: "Strategy is a pattern in a stream of decisions, whether intended or realized."
• Reference:
• Mintzberg, H. (1978). "Patterns in Strategy Formation." Management Science, 24(9), 934-948.
• Mintzberg, H. (1987). "The Strategy Concept I: Five Ps for Strategy." California Management Review, 30(1), 11-24.

 

4. Porter (1980, 1996)
• Definition: "Competitive strategy is about being different. It means deliberately choosing a different set of activities to deliver a unique mix of value."
• Reference:
• Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Free Press.
• Porter, M. E. (1996). "What is Strategy?" Harvard Business Review, 74(6), 61-78.

 

5. Barney (1991)
• Definition: "A firm’s strategy is a pattern of resource deployments that helps create and sustain competitive advantage."
• Reference: Barney, J. B. (1991). "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage." Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.

 

6. Teece, Pisano, & Shuen (1997)
• Definition: "Strategy is the process by which firms integrate, build, and reconfigure internal and external competencies to address rapidly changing environments."
• Reference: Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). "Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management." Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.

 

7. Rumelt (2011)
• Definition: "Strategy is about identifying and focusing on the pivotal objective that will lead to advantage, rather than simply setting goals."
• Reference: Rumelt, R. P. (2011). Good Strategy/Bad Strategy: The Difference and Why It Matters. Crown Business.

Each of these definitions highlights a different aspect of strategy, from goal-setting and resource allocation to competitive positioning and dynamic capabilities.